Psychology of Happiness: Part II

I introduced how I became familiarized with positive psychology here. Now it’s your turn!

50% of happiness is determined by a set point (essentially genetics); 10% is determined by circumstance (cancer or a flat tire); and 40% by intentional activity (laughing or feeling gratitude). Happiness peaks at age 65. The original purpose of psychology was to make people’s lives better and happier; however, psychology came to be associate with mental illness. We all have signature strengths, which when developed contribute greatly to our well-being and happiness.

One of my favorite college courses was The Psychology of Happiness, in which the class read several fascinating books, had great discussions, and in which I took very thorough notes. I’d like to share some of the keys points to achieving a happy and fulfilling life, many of which make perfect sense if you think about them. These are the bare-bone basics and I have a plethora of knowledge on the subject, which I love sharing, so if you’d like to know more about any of the points or have specific questions, just ask and I’ll answer the best I can.

Things That Enable Happiness & Behavioral Patterns of Happy People:

  • Fit and healthy bodies / exercise regularly
  • Realistic goals and expectations / deeply committed to lifelong goals and ambitions
  • Positive self-esteem
  • Feeling of control
  • Optimistic / practice optimism when imagining their futures
  • Outgoingness
  • Supportive friendships that enable companionship and confiding / devote a great deal of time to family and friends / often the first to help others
  • A socially intimate, sexually warm, and equitable marriage (Cohabitation, however, has a negative effect on happiness)
  • Challenging work and active leisure, punctuated by adequate rest and retreat
  • A faith that entails communal support, purpose, acceptance, outward focus, and hope
  • Comfortable expressing gratitude for everything they have
  • Savor life’s pleasures and live in the present
  • Have stresses, but deal with them effectively

Some recommended books on the psychology of happiness:

The first three (*) are great introductions to the field of positive psychology and present the research and life-improvement techniques in an easy-to-understand and accessible way.

If anyone checks out any of these books (or already have), you’ll have to let me know what you think!

Psychology of Happiness: Part I

The first time I was exposed to the idea that you can influence your own levels of happiness was in an intro Psychology course my senior year of high school, where the teacher had us watch the movie The Secret. In my reflection paper, I clearly remember writing that, although a lovely concept, it was absurd and naïve to believe that the universe could, let alone would, grant your every wish. On my returned paper, the teacher noted that I was “quite the cynic” and sarcastically apologized for making me suffer through the film. Although a handful of the ideas were logical, most sounded like part of another silly pop culture movement. I laughed inside when my 30-something year old teacher said that he carried a “gratitude rock” with him at all times. I couldn’t believe people actually bought this stuff.

I’m neither a cynic or a pessimist, nor do consider myself to be overly enthusiastic about life. However I get a lot of “you’re always smiling,” “your optimism is contagious,” and “how are you always so happy?” It seems that people perceive me as happier than the average person, whether or not that is actually the case. I would say that my happiness has always been close to my baseline regardless of external circumstances, although – like with everything – there are always exceptions. However, thinking back five years when I first saw The Secret, I can’t recall whether I believed this happiness came from within or was due to uncontrollable outside events.

Interestingly, about a year after seeing The Secret for the first time, my mom received the DVD as a Christmas gift from her sister. For reasons unbeknownst to me, I was far more receptive to its messages and actually attempted to implement some of the strategies in my own life. I started making lists of things I was grateful for, attempted to notice positive little things around me, and even created a vision board. As Sonja Lyubormirsky suggests in her book The How of Happiness: A Scientific Approach to Getting the Life You Want, learning to implement these habits often takes both time and practice. So despite my efforts after first viewing The Secret, most of the concepts were too abstract for me too conceptualize and did not come naturally, so I quickly lost interest and motivation. Although I believe it did have a positive effect on me, I think the investment heavily outweighed the results. However, this experience led to another, which I feel benefitted me.

Within the first thirty minutes of watching “The Secret” for the first time, my mom walked away saying “none of these are new ideas, they’ve just been streamlined”. For several years, my mom was a very successful businesswoman – she was passionate about what she did, she was making six-figures on a bachelor’s in education, and her life outside the business was great. Over the years, she had accumulated dozens of books that were, in one way or another, related to positive-thinking yourself into success. It was upon realizing this real-life example that I began skeptically accepting that crazy idea that maybe thinking positively really could affect your situation. Although I had very little interest in business, I started reading books on how to bolster sales, improve client relations, and achieve my goals. I found little that could be implemented in my own life, but I found the concepts to be engaging and inspirational. Even though I wasn’t personally convinced of its authenticity, I thought it was neat that other people had enough faith to shape their lives around it. By this point, I had shrugged aside my cynical rejection and accepted positive thinking as a strategy that may or may not work, and that applies only to those who put in ungodly amounts of effort.

About two years after my last encounter with the positive thinking ideas, I stumbled across a copy of “The Secret” book on my little sister’s bookshelf and read it for the sake of boredom. Although I swear it’s verbatim from the movie, I much prefer the version lacking an elephant in the living room. I feel like all the unnecessary visuals in the movie take away from any chance of it being taken seriously. I read the book solely because I didn’t want to spend $24 on a new leisure read, nor did I want to reread an old one; however, I was pleasantly surprised by how much my happiness increased while reading the book, with little to no effort of my part. When it comes to the universe partaking in great things on my behalf, I consider myself a skeptical optimist. When good things happen it may be fate, it may be coincidence, or it could just be noticing something you wouldn’t normally.

While reading “The Secret” I had an old friend contact me out of the blue after several years without contact. I bought a used copy of Bright Shiny Morning online and was ecstatic when I opened the book and saw that it had been signed by James Frey. I was doing well in school, noticing people smiling, and feeling more appreciative for everything in my life. Looking at these examples, I think that the primary effect of positive thoughts is a shift in one’s way of thinking. One of my best-fitting activities in “The How of Happiness” was expressing gratitude. I think that this comes more naturally for me than a lot of things. Although I sometimes make a conscious effort to increase gratitude, I like Lyubomirsky’s suggestion to vary what you’re doing so you don’t burn out, which is what I think happened to me in my past attempts.

After reading a bit about the psychology of happiness, I’m far less skeptical about one’s ability to change their happiness levels. However, despite all of the empirical evidence supporting the validity of the concept, I think that hardest part is implementing a change in one’s life and maintaining it throughout their lifetime.

Since learning about the empirical evidence supporting the psychology of happiness, I’ve developed a passion for the subject and I’m going to share some of my favorite books and key points about positive psychology in a later post.

Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-being

Two years ago I took a class on the Psychology of Happiness – one of my favorites! One of the books we read was Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment by Martin Seligman. He recently released a new book, Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-being, updating his research and views on the topics of happiness and well-being.

Seligman essentially shifts the focus of his research from happiness to well-being, presents ways to build and exercise happiness, suggests that drugs aren’t as effective as we’re led to believe, presents the concept of teaching well-being in schools, applying his theory of well-being to military personnel, and explaining the relationships between health and economics to well-being. Although I would not recommend this book to someone unless they were very interested in the field of positive psychology, I would like to share some of the most interesting points, many of which could applied to your own life.

“We found that people who believe that the cause of setbacks in their lives are changeable, temporary, and local do not become helpless readily…they think, It’s going away quickly, I can do something about it, and it’s just this one situation. they bounce back quickly from setbacks, and they do not take a setback at work home. We call them optimists. Conversely, people who habitually think, It’s going to last forever, it’s going to undermine everything, and there’s nothing I can do about it, became helpless readily…They do not bounce back from defeat, and they take their marital problems into their jobs. We call them pessimists.”

What is post-traumatic growth? Individuals who had experienced one awful event (rape, torture, etc.) have more intense strengths (bravery, wisdom, etc.) and therefore higher well-being than individuals who had none. The number of traumatic experiences directly correlates with the intensity of one’s strengths, and thus two or three bad events leads to even greater growth. Rather than focus on post-traumatic stress disorder, psychologists and the US army are in works to shift the focus to post-traumatic growth.

Why are optimists less vulnerable to disease? Optimists take actions and have healthier lifestyles. Optimists believe that their actions matter, whereas pessimists believe they are helpless and nothing they do will matter. Optimists are more likely to follow medical advice, diet, not to smoke, to exercise regularly and to avoid risky situations. Optimists have more social support. The more friends and the more love in your life, the less illness. People who have at least one person whom they would be comfortable calling at three in the morning to tell their troubles were healthier. There are a variety of plausible biological paths and mechanisms, including the immune system, common genetics, and pathological circulatory response repeated stress; the blood of optimists has a feistier response to stress, optimists may have genes that ward of cardiovascular disease or cancer, and optimists may cope with stress better.

So the take-away message is that optimism leads to well-being and happiness, so working towards a more positive attitude would be a worthwhile goal. The mention of teaching well-being to school children and military personnel really excites me because I think those are two groups who have a wide range of influence. I’m excited to see what the future holds for positive psychology, and possibly be a part of it if I pursue that type of graduate program.

The Happiness Project

In college I took a course titled the Psychology of Happiness - one of my all-time favorite classes – and developed and an ever-growing interest in the field of Positive Psychology.

The Happiness Project: Or, Why I Spent a Year Trying to Sing in the Morning, Clean My Closets, Fight Right, Read Aristotle, and Generally Have More Fun is essential a layman’s guide to understanding and achieving happiness.

After realizing that “time is passing, and I’m not focusing enough on the things that really matter,” Gretchen Rubin seeks out current scientific research, the wisdom of the ages, and advice from popular culture in order to bring more happiness into her own life. She focuses on a different aspect of her life each month – vitality, family, work, leisure, money, attitude, etc. – and applies all the wisdom she has gathered to her efforts.

Although I’ve already read Seligman, Lyubomirsky, Csíkszentmihályi, Myers, Shimoff and other studies on happiness, conducted psychology research in the area, and am familiar with the findings presented, I am impressed by how the author adeptly compiled all the research and wisdom into an easy-to-understand and easy-to-follow guide.

Rubin is open about her experiences over the twelve months, shares her emotions, and wonderfully details her personal strides towards achieving happiness - both the failures and successes. The author is likeable, easy to relate to, and inspirational, which only builds the books merit. Through her charts, lists, and checklists, and blog, she physically and actively adheres to and documents her journey.

And at the end of the year, was she happier? Without and doubt, she claims. And based on my own studies in the area, I believe her. Many of the ideas are the same presented in any other self-help book, just from a different perspective.

Although I personal prefer the hard sciences, I am thrilled that someone has taken all the findings from the growing field of Positive Psychology and marketed them to the masses. I believe we could all benefit by crafting out own personal Happiness Project in which we pursue our passions, act with kindness, and take care of our bodies and our minds.

The best moments in life

“The best moments in our lives are not the passive, receptive, relaxing times… the best moments usually occur when a person’s body or mind is stretched to its limits in a voluntary effort to accomplish something difficult and worthwhile.”
- Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, “Flow “